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QUESTION 1

50 Marks
The following exercises are based on an invented language called Kaña. Kaña has no definite or indefinite articles (so mit means both ‘a woman’ and ‘the woman’); nor does it differentiate simple and progressive tenses (so the same form would mean ‘goes’ and ‘is going’). Unlike in English, in which word order is fixed, Kaña has flexible word order; so word order is not a guide to the meaning of the sentences. Work out the meanings of the sentences, individual words, and their components by reading carefully and considering the differences between similar forms. The sentences are built up gradually, so it is best to do them in order.

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(1.1) Study the following sentences:
  • fahanat npur mitusthe women see a tree
  • pitus mahakatbirds fly
  • mit wahan ntunthe woman pushes a boat
  • fahan ruf nmitusthe dog sees the women
  • kafah purthe tree grows
  • pit pikan nhiñusthe bird pecks the men
(1.2) Study the following sentences:
  • nfarus purif patakat hiñusthe men take fruits from the tree
  • fuwif patak nfiw mita woman takes milk from the cow
  • hiñin tunif harat nñimthe boy lifts a cat from the boat
  • pitus purusif mahakatthe birds fly from the trees
  • mitinus nfuwus tahif rafatatthe girls release cows from the vehicle
(1.3) Study the following sentences:
  • mitus nhiñus mahanat rafata tawkifthe women have to release the men from prison
  • pit rafan mahaka tañifthe bird wants to fly from the cage
  • ruf nunhiñ fahanthe dog does not see the man
  • mitinus rafanat nunfarusthe girls do not want fruits
  • mit nunfuwus rafan rafata tahusifthe woman does not want to release the cows from the vehicles

Answer

Study the sentences in Section 1.1 on the left.

Now translate the following from Kaña into English:

  • a)hiñus kafahat
  • b)rufus fahanat ntunus

Translate the following sentences from English into Kaña:

  • a)the birds peck the dogs
  • b)the man pushes the bird

Study the sentences in Section 1.2 on the left.

Now translate the following from Kaña into English:

  • a)hiñinus patakat ñimif nfiw
  • b)pitus nfar haratat tunusif

Translate the following sentences from English into Kaña:

  • a)The girl releases the cats
  • b)The boys lift the girls from the vehicles

Study the sentences in Section 1.3 on the left.

Now translate the following from Kaña into English:

  • a)hiñinus nunruf tañif haratat
  • b)mit mahan wahana nuntahus

Translate the following sentences from English into Kaña:

  • a)The girl has to release the birds from the cages
  • b)The man does not want to take milk from the cats

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